These compounds are solid at room temperature, because all of the atoms in a giant covalent structure are held together by strong covalent bonds. Graphite and diamond are examples of giant covalent structures. Some solids can turn straight into a gas, skipping the liquid phase this is called sublimation. Gases can be turned back into liquids by condensation, lowring the amounf of energy particles have. Liquids can turn into gases by evaporation or boiling (again by increasing the energy of the particles). Liquids can be turned back into solids by freezing, lowering the amount of energy particles have. This involves increasing the energy of the particles normally by heating. Solids can turn into liquids through the process of melting. Changing from one state to another is a physical change as you end up with the same chemical as you began with (whereas a chemical change would lead to different chemicals). Some of the forces need to be broken during melting, whereas all of the forces must be broken during evaporating/boiling. The amount of energy required to change state depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces between the particles of each substance. To get from a solid to a liquid, or a gas, energy has to be supplied - usually through heating. During these changes the particles gain energy, which is used to break or overcome the intermolecular forces of attraction.įluids (liquids and gases) are able to take the shape of their containers, however, only gases can be compressed as their particles are far apart and have space to move into. Particles in solids have less energy than liquids, which in turn have less energy than gases. In these diagrams, particles are represented by solid spheres. Solids (s), liquids (l) and gases (g) can be represented using particle diagrams.
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